Barotropic waves generated by storms moving rapidly over shallow water
Bibliographic record
Abstract
In the falls of both 1999 and 2000, waves with characteristics similar to tsunami hit the southeast coast of Newfoundland, Canada. The waves were large enough to cause local flooding, damage to docks, and other destruction. There is, however, no evidence of seismic events, underwater landslides, or slumping events on either occasion. Other explanations, such as storm surge, also appear unlikely, and local weather conditions at the coast were not exceptional at the time. On both occasions, tropical storms moved rapidly across the Grand Banks of Newfoundland from southwest to northeast, with a translation speed of ≈30 m s−1. A significant, nonisostatic response to atmospheric pressure forcing can be expected over the shallow water of the banks since the translation speed of the storms is comparable to the local shallow water gravity wave speed. We speculate that the atmospheric pressure forcing associated with the storms generated a barotropic wake, and we use a numerical model to argue that as the storm moved back over the deep ocean, the wake was refracted and/or reflected by the variable bathymetry at the edge of the banks and that it was the refraction of the wake toward the coast that led to the unusual sea level events in southeastern Newfoundland. The numerical model results are in general agreement with the eye witness reports. The model‐computed wave activity hits the southeast coast of Newfoundland at about the right time and in the right areas for both events, although for the 1999 event the model response is weaker than is observed at Port Rexton in Trinity Bay. The reason for the poorer model performance in the 1999 case is not known, although we do find that the model results are sensitive to uncertainty in the exact track taken by the storm across the banks. The model results demonstrate that the period and wavelength of the gravity waves comprising the wake are, in general, proportional to the length scale of the pressure forcing, an exception being the model response in Conception Bay, Newfoundland, where a resonant seiche response is found to dominate.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.002 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".