Submental Orotracheal Intubation for Maxillofacial Surgery
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Assistant ProfessorProfessorDepartments of Anesthesia and SurgeryUniversity of ManitobaWinnipeg, Manitoba, Canadaong@cc.umanitoba.caTo the Editor:—Airway management for patients who suffered midfacial fractures is complicated. Tracheostomy and nasotracheal intubation may lead to other complications. 1Nasal intubation can interfere with centralization and stabilization of nasal fractures. An orotracheal tube may compromise the reduction and maintenance of midfacial fractures.We successfully treated a patient with multiple facial fractures using submental intubation. After a motor vehicle accident, a previously healthy 29-yr-old man sustained nasal and bilateral zygomatic fractures, as well as left maxillary fracture with left orbital blowout. There was no evidence of an intracranial or cervical spine injury.After a regular intravenous anesthetic induction, a #7 endotracheal tube was placed orally. Anesthesia was maintained with isoflurane by inhalation and 100% oxygen. The surgeon made a 1-cm incision halfway between the chin and the angle of the mandible. A Kelly forcep was introduced through the skin incision and into the floor of the mouth by blunt dissection. The forcep was kept close to the inner side of the mandible. Care was taken to avoid the submandibular duct and the lingual nerve, which were medial to the proposed tube entry site. A second Kelly forcep was attached to the first Kelly forcep and brought out through the submental incision. A second #7 endotracheal tube was pulled through the submental incision (cuff end first). The initial orotracheal tube was then removed, and the second endotracheal tube was passed into the trachea (fig. 1). The submental intubation procedure took < 10 min to perform. The operative procedure, in which the multiple fractures were reduced and fixated, proceeded uneventfully. Intermaxillary fixation was preformed without any impediment from the submental orotracheal tube. Anesthesia was discontinued, and the patient was extubated in the operating room after he awakened. The submental incision was not closed. His postoperative course was unremarkable. The submental incision healed with minimal scarring.Tracheal intubation via the submental route was first described by Altemir in 1986. 2After orotracheal intubation and establishment of the submental tract, the free end of the endotracheal tube was pulled through a submental incision and reconnected to the anesthetic circuit. There are technical problems with the original technique described. Because of the tight seal of the connector with the reinforced (spiral) endotracheal tube, it is difficult to separate the connector and tube during the transfer from the oropharynx through the submandibular tract. Green and Moore 3reported a modification of Altemir’s approach. The airway was secured with a regular orotracheal tube first. A second endotracheal tube was inserted through the submental route before being exchanged with the previously positioned orotracheal tube. We used the modified technique successfully in our patient with multiple midfacial fractures.The submental orotracheal intubation technique is simple. Further studies with submental orotracheal intubation and tracheostomy are needed to compare the risks and benefits of the techniques.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.003 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.003 | 0.005 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.012 | 0.006 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".