Experimental investigations of the soil-water characteristics of a volcanic soil
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Rain-induced landslides are common around the world. To analyse transient seepage and to predict pore-water pressure distribution in unsaturated slopes subjected to rainfall infiltration, it is essential to study soil-water characteristics and water permeability functions. The soil-water characteristic curve (SWCC) is a relationship between suction and water content or degree of saturation. Conventionally, only the drying soil-water characteristic curve of soil specimens is determined in a pressure-plate extractor without the application of any external stress. In this paper, the influences of initial dry density and initial water content, history of drying and wetting, soil structure, and the stress state upon the desorption and adsorption soil-water characteristics of a completely decomposed volcanic soil in Hong Kong are examined and discussed. The experimental results presented are obtained by using a conventional volumetric pressure-plate extractor and a newly modified one-dimensional stress-controllable pressure-plate extractor with deformation measurements. The SWCC of a recompacted specimen is very different from that of a natural specimen with the same initial soil density and initial water content. The SWCC of the recompacted specimen is highly dependent on the history of drying and wetting. The rates of desorption and adsorption are substantially higher at the first drying and wetting cycle than at the second drying and wetting cycle. The size of the hysteresis loop of the recompacted specimen is considerably larger than that of the natural specimens. The SWCC of soil is stress-state dependent. For recompacted specimens subjected to different stress states, the higher the applied stresses, the lower the rate of desorption and the smaller the size of the hysteresis loops. However, for natural specimens, the size of the hysteresis loops seems to be independent of the stress state. Under a higher applied stress, natural specimens exhibit lower rates of desorption and adsorption.Key words: volcanic soil, SWCC, drying and wetting, stress-state dependent.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".