Radio-wave propagation into an underground mine environment at 2.4 GHz, 5.8 GHz and 60 GHz
Bibliographic record
Abstract
In this paper, an overview of the overall channel characterizations for wireless communication systems in underground mines is presented. Such environments, because of the very nature of the mining operation, the complexity of the systems, and the procedures and extraction methods of the minerals are considered to be dangerous, hazardous and aggressive. Radio signals suffer from strong attenuations due to reflection, diffractions and scatterings in this complex transmission medium. The transmitted radio signals are therefore subject to different impairments and distortions. Moreover, for the deployment of a wireless network, the choice of the operation frequency band, which has a major impact on the planning and the dimensioning, is as important as the deploying environment. Propagation measurements were carried out at 2.4 GHz, 5.8 GHz and 60 GHz. These frequencies were targeted because they are commonly used for different wireless communication applications. This paper summarizes different findings on the propagation characteristic parameters such as the path loss, outage probability, delay spread and the coherence bandwidth. This the first time, to our knowledge, that a comparison of the operating frequency effects in an underground mine is reported.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".