Identifying and exploiting the scale of a search space in particle swarm optimization
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Multi-modal optimization involves two distinct tasks: identifying promising attraction basins and finding the local optima in these basins. Unfortunately, the second task can interfere with the first task if they are performed simultaneously. Specifically, the promise of an attraction basin is often estimated by the fitness of a single sample solution, so an attraction basin represented by a random sample solution can appear to be less promising than an attraction basin represented by its local optimum. The goal of thresheld convergence is to prevent these biased comparisons by disallowing local search while global search is still in progress. Ideally, thresheld convergence achieves this goal by using a distance threshold that is correlated to the size of the attraction basins in the search space. In this paper, a clustering-based method is developed to identify the scale of the search space which thresheld convergence can then exploit. The proposed method employed in the context of a multi-start particle swarm optimization algorithm has led to large improvements across a broad range of multi-modal problems.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.002 | 0.007 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.002 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".