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Rapidly Growing Fourier Integrals

2001· article· en· W2023075250 on OpenAlex

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affAt least one author lists a Canadian institution in the pinned OpenAlex snapshot.

Bibliographic record

VenueAmerican Mathematical Monthly · 2001
Typearticle
Languageen
FieldComputer Science
TopicAdvanced Mathematical Modeling in Engineering
Canadian institutionsUniversity of Alberta
Fundersnot available
KeywordsPosition (finance)Fourier transformClimbingMathematicsImage (mathematics)Library scienceGeographyComputer scienceArchaeologyMathematical analysisArtificial intelligenceEconomics

Abstract

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1. The Riemann–Lebesgue Lemma. In its usual form, the Riemann– Lebesgue Lemma reads as follows: If f ∈ L 1 and ˆ f(s) = ∫ ∞ − ∞ eisx f(x) dx is its Fourier transform, then ˆ f(s) exists and is finite for each s ∈ R and ˆf(s) → 0 as |s | → ∞ (s ∈ R). This result encompasses Fourier sine and cosine transforms as well as Fourier series coefficients for functions periodic on finite intervals. When the integral is allowed to converge conditionally, the asserted asymptotic behaviour can fail dramatically. In fact, we show that for each sequence an ↑ ∞ we can find a continuous function f such that ˆ f(s) exists for each s ∈ R and ˆ f(n) ≥ an for all integers n ≥ 1. We also work out the asymptotics of a class of Fourier integrals that can have arbitrarily large polynomial growth. Our main tool is the principle of stationary phase. The conditionally convergent integrals we consider in this paper can be thought of as Henstock integrals [1] or as improper Riemann integrals. Two examples of conditionally convergent Fourier transforms that do not tend to zero at infinity can be obtained from [3, 3.691]: and x=0 x=0 2 sin(ax) cos(ax2} cos(sx) dx = 1

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Full frame distilled prediction

Teacher imitation

Not calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.

metaresearch head score (Codex)0.000
metaresearch head score (Gemma)0.001
Version: codex-gemma-dda1882f352aValidation status: machine_predicted_unvalidated
Candidate categoriesMeta-epidemiology (narrow)
Consensus categoriesnone
DomainCandidate signal: none · Consensus signal: none
Study designCandidate signal: Theoretical or conceptual · Consensus signal: none
GenreCandidate signal: Methods · Consensus signal: Methods
Teacher disagreement score0.495
Threshold uncertainty score1.000

Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category

CategoryCodexGemma
Metaresearch0.0000.001
Meta-epidemiology (narrow)0.0000.000
Meta-epidemiology (broad)0.0010.000
Bibliometrics0.0000.001
Science and technology studies0.0000.000
Scholarly communication0.0000.001
Open science0.0010.000
Research integrity0.0000.000
Insufficient payload (model declined to judge)0.0000.000

Machine scores (provisional)

The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.

Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.

Opus teacher head0.015
GPT teacher head0.258
Teacher spread0.243 · how far apart the two teachers sit on this one work
Validation statusscore_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from it