Sign changes in sums of the Liouville function
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Bibliographic record
Abstract
The Liouville function <inline-formula content-type="math/mathml"> <mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="lamda left-parenthesis n right-parenthesis"> <mml:semantics> <mml:mrow> <mml:mi> λ </mml:mi> <mml:mo stretchy="false">(</mml:mo> <mml:mi>n</mml:mi> <mml:mo stretchy="false">)</mml:mo> </mml:mrow> <mml:annotation encoding="application/x-tex">\lambda (n)</mml:annotation> </mml:semantics> </mml:math> </inline-formula> is the completely multiplicative function whose value is <inline-formula content-type="math/mathml"> <mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="negative 1"> <mml:semantics> <mml:mrow> <mml:mo> − </mml:mo> <mml:mn>1</mml:mn> </mml:mrow> <mml:annotation encoding="application/x-tex">-1</mml:annotation> </mml:semantics> </mml:math> </inline-formula> at each prime. We develop some algorithms for computing the sum <inline-formula content-type="math/mathml"> <mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="upper T left-parenthesis n right-parenthesis equals sigma-summation Underscript k equals 1 Overscript n Endscripts lamda left-parenthesis k right-parenthesis slash k"> <mml:semantics> <mml:mrow> <mml:mi>T</mml:mi> <mml:mo stretchy="false">(</mml:mo> <mml:mi>n</mml:mi> <mml:mo stretchy="false">)</mml:mo> <mml:mo>=</mml:mo> <mml:munderover> <mml:mo> ∑ </mml:mo> <mml:mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mml:mi>k</mml:mi> <mml:mo>=</mml:mo> <mml:mn>1</mml:mn> </mml:mrow> <mml:mi>n</mml:mi> </mml:munderover> <mml:mi> λ </mml:mi> <mml:mo stretchy="false">(</mml:mo> <mml:mi>k</mml:mi> <mml:mo stretchy="false">)</mml:mo> <mml:mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mml:mo>/</mml:mo> </mml:mrow> <mml:mi>k</mml:mi> </mml:mrow> <mml:annotation encoding="application/x-tex">T(n)=\sum _{k=1}^n \lambda (k)/k</mml:annotation> </mml:semantics> </mml:math> </inline-formula> , and use these methods to determine the smallest positive integer <inline-formula content-type="math/mathml"> <mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="n"> <mml:semantics> <mml:mi>n</mml:mi> <mml:annotation encoding="application/x-tex">n</mml:annotation> </mml:semantics> </mml:math> </inline-formula> where <inline-formula content-type="math/mathml"> <mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="upper T left-parenthesis n right-parenthesis greater-than 0"> <mml:semantics> <mml:mrow> <mml:mi>T</mml:mi> <mml:mo stretchy="false">(</mml:mo> <mml:mi>n</mml:mi> <mml:mo stretchy="false">)</mml:mo> <mml:mo>></mml:mo> <mml:mn>0</mml:mn> </mml:mrow> <mml:annotation encoding="application/x-tex">T(n)>0</mml:annotation> </mml:semantics> </mml:math> </inline-formula> . This answers a question originating in some work of Turán, who linked the behavior of <inline-formula content-type="math/mathml"> <mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="upper T left-parenthesis n right-parenthesis"> <mml:semantics> <mml:mrow> <mml:mi>T</mml:mi> <mml:mo stretchy="false">(</mml:mo> <mml:mi>n</mml:mi> <mml:mo stretchy="false">)</mml:mo> </mml:mrow> <mml:annotation encoding="application/x-tex">T(n)</mml:annotation> </mml:semantics> </mml:math> </inline-formula> to questions about the Riemann zeta function. We also study the problem of evaluating Pólya’s sum <inline-formula content-type="math/mathml"> <mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="upper L left-parenthesis n right-parenthesis equals sigma-summation Underscript k equals 1 Overscript n Endscripts lamda left-parenthesis k right-parenthesis"> <mml:semantics> <mml:mrow> <mml:mi>L</mml:mi> <mml:mo stretchy="false">(</mml:mo> <mml:mi>n</mml:mi> <mml:mo stretchy="false">)</mml:mo> <mml:mo>=</mml:mo> <mml:munderover> <mml:mo> ∑ </mml:mo> <mml:mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mml:mi>k</mml:mi> <mml:mo>=</mml:mo> <mml:mn>1</mml:mn> </mml:mrow> <mml:mi>n</mml:mi> </mml:munderover> <mml:mi> λ </mml:mi> <mml:mo stretchy="false">(</mml:mo> <mml:mi>k</mml:mi> <mml:mo stretchy="false">)</mml:mo> </mml:mrow> <mml:annotation encoding="application/x-tex">L(n)=\sum _{k=1}^n\lambda (k)</mml:annotation> </mml:semantics> </mml:math> </inline-formula> , and we determine some new local extrema for this function, including some new positive values.
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Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from it