Characteristics and Thirty‐day Outcomes of Emergency Department Patients With Elevated Creatine Kinase
Bibliographic record
Abstract
OBJECTIVES: Rhabdomyolysis, as defined by an elevation in creatine kinase (CK), may lead to hemodialysis and death in emergency department (ED) patients, but the patient characteristics, associated conditions, and 30-day outcomes of patients with CK values over 1,000 U/L have not been described. METHODS: All consecutive ED patients with serum CK values over 1,000 U/L between January 1, 2006, and December 31, 2008, were retrospectively identified from two urban hospitals. Patient characteristics, ED treatment, and ED discharge diagnoses were determined by medical record review. Provincial databases were linked to identify patients who died or were treated with hemodialysis within 30 days. The primary outcome was the combined occurrence of death or need for hemodialysis within 30 days. Secondary outcomes included the incidence of acute kidney injury (AKI) and the proportion of patients with initial estimated glomerular filtration rates (eGFR) > 60 mL/min/1.73 m(2) who died or required hemodialysis. RESULTS: Four-hundred patients were identified, the median age was 50 years (interquartile range [IQR] = 35 to 69 years), and 77% were male, with 35% of patients discharged home from the ED. The most common ED discharge diagnoses were related to recreational drug use, infections, and traumatic or musculoskeletal complaints. Within 30 days, 32 (8.0%, 95% confidence interval [CI] = 5.3% to 11%) experienced primary outcomes, with 18 (4.5%, 95% CI = 2.55% to 6.5%) requiring hemodialysis and 21 deaths (5.3%, 95% CI = 3.1% to 7.4%). AKI occurred in 151 patients (38%, 95% CI = 33% to 43%). Of the 257 patients (64%) with initial eGFRs > 60 mL/min/1.73 m(2) , none required hemodialysis. CONCLUSIONS: In ED patients with initial CK > 1,000 U/L, the incidence of death or hemodialysis was 8% within 30 days. Patients with initial eGFRs > 60 mL/min/1.73 m(2) appear to be at a low risk of these outcomes from rhabdomyolysis.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.003 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.002 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".