Removal of excess fluoride from groundwater using natural coagulant <i>Moringa oleifera</i> Lam and microfiltration
Why this work is in the frame
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Bibliographic record
Abstract
Abstract The consumption of water that has a high level of fluoride can result in dental or skeletal fluorosis, which causes changes in the teeth and bones. Thus, this study aimed to verify the efficiency of the reduction of fluoride in groundwater using coagulation with extracts of Moringa oleifera Lam seeds (MO) combined with microfiltration. Coagulation/flocculation tests were carried out in Jar test with different concentrations of the coagulant and subsequent treatment of water by microfiltration membranes. The concentration of fluoride in water was adjusted to 5 mgF ‐ /L and pH set to 7.0. The test used 1.5 g/L of the coagulant MO, for a 3 mgF ‐ /L initial concentration of fluoride and pH 3.0 proved effective for the removal of fluoride, colour, and turbidity of water with residual amounts of 1.07 mgF ‐ /L, 19 mgPt‐Co/L, and 3 NTU, respectively. The best results were obtained using 5 g/L of the coagulant MO and 2 bar pressure in the microfiltration step. Under these conditions, the final water quality complies with the recommendations of the Brazilian legislation, with residual fluoride at 1.2 mgF ‐ /L, 1.56 NTU turbidity and 8.56 mgPt‐Co/L colour. These results indicate the potential of the proposed treatment and that this represents an alternative for reducing excessive fluoride from water by combining the use of a natural and biodegradable coagulant with microfiltration processes, which contributes to the final quality of water.
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Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from it