Orbitofrontal sulci of the human and macaque monkey brain
Bibliographic record
Abstract
The present study investigated the orbitofrontal sulci in 100 normal adult human cerebral hemispheres by using magnetic resonance images that were transformed into the standardized proportional stereotaxic space most commonly used, that of Talairach and Tournoux (Talairach and Tournoux [1988]. Co-planar stereotaxic atlas of the human brain. New York: Thieme). The patterns formed by the individual sulci were then examined and compared with those of the less convoluted macaque monkey brain. Four sulci forming a similar sulcal pattern were identified in both species. The olfactory sulcus occupies the most medial position forming the lateral border of the gyrus rectus. Lateral to this, the medial, lateral, and transverse orbital sulci form a pattern often resembling an "H," "X," or "K." These sulci divide the orbitofrontal cortex into four major gyri: the medial, lateral, anterior, and posterior orbital gyri. Three major types of sulcal pattern were identified in both species based on the arrangement of these orbital sulci. Additional sulci were observed in the human brain, creating more complex patterns. Probability maps were constructed for the four main orbitofrontal sulci of the human brain. These maps provide a statistical description of the variability of the location of the orbitofrontal sulci within the three-dimensional coordinate system of Talairach and Tournoux (Talairach and Tournoux [1988]. Co-planar stereotaxic atlas of the human brain. New York: Thieme). Because these maps may be directly compared with any image transformed into the same standardized space, they provide a valuable tool for identifying and describing the location of functional or structural changes in the orbitofrontal region of the human brain.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".