How the Federal Republic Became an Immigration Country: Norms, Politics and the Failure of West Germany's Guest Worker System
Bibliographic record
Abstract
With the passage of a new citizenship law in 1999 and the so-called Zuwanderungsgesetz (Migration Law) of 2004, contemporary Germany has gone a long way toward acknowledging its status as an immigration country (Einwanderungsland). Yet, Germany is still regarded by many as a “reluctant” land of immigration, different than traditional immigration countries such as Canada, the United States, and Australia. It owes this image to the fact that many of today’s “immigrants” were in fact “guests,” invited to work in the Federal Republic in the 1950s, 1960s and 1970s and expected to leave when they were no longer needed. Migration was meant to be a temporary measure, to stoke the engine of the Economic Miracle but not fundamentally alter German society. The question, then, is how did these “guest workers” become immigrants? Why did the Federal Republic become an immigration country?
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.005 | 0.004 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.011 | 0.011 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.008 | 0.004 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.004 |
| Research integrity | 0.002 | 0.003 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.002 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".