Continental lithospheric thinning and breakup in response to upwelling divergent mantle flow: application to the Woodlark, Newfoundland and Iberia margins
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Abstract Depth-uniform stretching is not the dominant deformation process for thinning continental lithosphere leading to breakup; it cannot explain the observed depth-dependent lithosphere stretching and mantle exhumation at rifted continental margins. Depth-dependent lithosphere thinning, in which stretching of the lower crust and lithosphere mantle greatly exceeds that of the upper crust, has been observed at many non-volcanic and volcanic rifted continental margins including conjugate margin pairs. Passive continental margins show a paucity of brittle deformation in the upper crust during continental lithosphere thinning leading to breakup and sea-floor spreading initiation. A new model of rifted continental margin formation has been developed that assumes that deformation and thinning of continental lithosphere leading to breakup occurs in response to an upwelling divergent flow field within continental lithosphere and asthenosphere, and that this deformation evolves into sea-floor spreading. The new model successfully predicts depth-dependent stretching of continental margin lithosphere for both non-volcanic and volcanic margins and mantle exhumation at non-volcanic margins, both of which are observed, but are not explained, by existing depth-uniform continental lithosphere stretching models. The new model provides a balance of extensional strain, supplies an explanation for the paucity of synrift brittle deformation, and offers a simple transition from prebreakup lithosphere thinning to sea-floor spreading. The observed diversity of rifted continental margin structure and width of the ocean–continent transition can be explained by variability in the form of the upwelling divergent flow field. The new upwelling divergent flow model of continental lithosphere thinning leading to continental breakup successfully predicts the observed bathymetry and margin geometry for the most recent segment of sea-floor spreading initiation in the Woodlark Basin in the western Pacific, and the observed bathymetry and free air gravity anomaly for the Newfoundland and Iberian margins.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".