Bibliographic record
Abstract
Perhaps the notion of Popper's that has had the most influence is his attack on induction. Facts do not speak for themselves, he warned, making it vital for us to approach them with interesting theoretical questions in mind. As it happens, I have grave doubts about this cognitive ethic, habitually preferring as an historical sociologist to immerse myself in a period through whatever evidence literary, statistical, cartographic 1 can find before then seeking to generalise. Certainly, this view has curtailed my writing about Quebec, even though it is my intention to do so at length in the future. For I have learnt an enormous amount in Quebec, more or less as a member of a once dominant group, and have besides endlessly enjoyed living in genuinely multicultural Montreal. But it docs seem possible to say something now, first about civic and civil nationalism, and then, tentatively, about Quebec. The comments arc occasioned almost entirely by the exceptionally interesting conference on stateless nations on which this issue of Scottish Affairs is based.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.002 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.002 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.029 | 0.029 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.010 | 0.003 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.005 |
| Research integrity | 0.002 | 0.004 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.009 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".