John Ireland, St. Eloi Parish, and the Dream of an American Catholic Church
Bibliographic record
Abstract
In the late nineteenth century, the Catholic Church in the United States experienced a period of rapid growth primarily due to immigration. Many American bishops allowed immigrants to form their own churches, resulting in the creation of national parishes. Bishop John Ireland of St. Paul, Minnesota, however, disapproved of national parishes; he envisioned a church that was multiethnic, unified, and American . Yet a small parish in his diocese, St. Eloi, demonstrates the difficulty in achieving this dream. Disputes and disagreements plagued St. Eloi, usually pitting the French Canadian minority against the Flemish majority. The story of St. Eloi also reveals that Ireland’s vision for the church sometimes differed from the immigrants’ own ideas and plans for their parish. The dream of an American Catholic Church, therefore, was a contested one, contested between a bishop intent on molding the church to fit his vision and immigrant communities who had different ideas of what it meant to be an “American” church.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.002 | 0.002 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.017 | 0.015 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.007 | 0.003 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.002 |
| Research integrity | 0.002 | 0.006 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.003 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".