Forced-Attention Dichotic Listening With University Students With Dyslexia
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Rapidly changing environments in day-to-day activities, enriched with stimuli competing for attention, require a cognitive control mechanism to select relevant stimuli, ignore irrelevant stimuli, and shift attention between alternative features of the environment. Such attentional orchestration is essential to the acquisition of reading skills. In the present forced attention dichotic listening study, adults with moderate and severe dyslexia and nondisabled adults were tested on their ability to switch attention between ears for immediate recall. Blocks of pairs of consonant-vowel syllables were counterbalanced into left-ear first or right-ear first ordered conditions. Significant order effects showed that only those with severe dyslexia were poorer in switching attention to the left ear, whereas both groups with dyslexia were poorer switching attention to the right ear. Shifting left appears to be a normative function of reading level, whereas inferior ability to disengage attending to the left ear to report from the right ear qualifies as a dysfunctional facet of dyslexia with etiological significance. No support was found for the traditional proposition that dyslexia may be associated with atypical left hemisphere lateralization. Combining these results with previous dichotic and neuroimaging research implicates a dysfunctional frontostriatal cognitive control network in dyslexia. With due caution, the results suggest that a neurobiological feature of dyslexia may be a lack of control in downwardly modulating excessive left inferior frontal cortex activations. The results are consistent with impoverished connectedness between left anterior and posterior language areas and, pending future confirmation of these findings, suggest the need for a reconceptualization of remedial programming.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.002 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.002 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".