Climatology and trends of surface UV radiation: Survey article
Bibliographic record
Abstract
An improved understanding of the global ultraviolet (UV) climate has recently become of great interest. A number of stations are now making regular measurements of spectrally‐resolved UV‐B irradiance. Despite the lack of long‐term records, it is possible to describe many of the short‐term characteristics, dependencies and climatology of surface UV‐B irradiance. This article describes the current state of UV‐B measurements, and a climatology of surface UV‐B irradiance with particular focus on Canada. The dependence of UV irradiance on ozone and other climate variables is discussed in detail, with reference to observations. In addition, comparison of radiative transfer models with recent measurements indicates that it is possible to infer surface UV‐B irradiance from older records of total ozone and ancillary measurements (spectrally‐integrated irradiance, aerosol optical depth and surface albedo) permitting the derivation of longer‐term trends.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.002 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.002 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".