Diffraction limit investigation with sub-wavelength pixels
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Current state-of-the-art pixel dimensions for both visible and long-wave infrared (LWIR) imagers are approaching the wavelength of measurement. It is expected that technological advances will continue and that sub-wavelength pixels for these wavebands will become a reality. In light of the diffraction limit, scientists and engineers in the visible and infrared domains have now begun pose the question as to whether it is worth having a focal plane array (FPA) with pixel dimensions smaller than the imaging wavelength. Meanwhile, in the terahertz domain, FPAs have already been fabricated and cameras designed around them with sub-wavelength pixels. INO has developed THz cameras with 160x120 pixels with pixel pitch of 52 μm and with 388 x 284 pixels with pixel pitch of 35 μm. The THz wavelength range is from 40 μm to 1000 μm and thus the focal plane array has pixel dimensions below that of the imaging wavelength. This paper discusses experimental results of diffraction limit investigation using sub-wavelength pixel THz cameras.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.002 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.002 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".