Financial Literacy, Personal Financial Attitude, and Forms of Personal Debt among Residents of the UAE
Bibliographic record
Abstract
This paper examined financial literacy among a sample of individuals residing in the United Arab Emirates (UAE) and its relation to different forms of personal debt. These forms of personal debt include bank loans, borrowing from friends and/or family members, and borrowing through credit cards. We used a questionnaire distributed to a convenient sample of 412 individuals working for service organizations and residing across the UAE. Usable responses were about 45% of the sample and were subjected to descriptive statistics, reliability analysis, and t-tests. The results indicate that the average level of financial literacy in UAE (0.433) is statistically significantly below the average level reported in the literature (about 0.50). However, there were no significant differences between the mean score of males and females. The results also indicate that individuals with strong financial attitude tend to borrow less from credit cards. UAE nationals are more likely to borrow from banks than using credit cards or borrowing from friends/or family members.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.003 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".