Electrokinetics-generated pore fluid and ionic transport in an offshore calcareous soil
Bibliographic record
Abstract
In this study, the electrokinetics-generated pore fluid transport in an offshore calcareous soil is investigated in three steps. The pore fluid of the soil specimen tested has a salinity equivalent to that of seawater (artificial or A-seawater). The electroosmotic flow rates are measured for the A-seawater and two stabilizing permeating solutions, i.e., 15% CaCl2and 10% Al2(SO4)3·18H2O solutions. The results show that electroosmosis generated significant flow in the soil and can effectively transport the two permeating solutions through soil pores filled with A-seawater. The maximum flow rate is observed in the test conducted with 15% CaCl2solution, followed by those of A-seawater and 10% Al2(SO4)3·18H2O solutions, respectively. The results also show the significant role of electromigration in transporting the cations in the permeating solutions from the anode to the cathode. In particular, it is found that the electrokinetics-generated ionic transport for calcium (Ca2+) is 6.3 times faster than that for aluminum (Al3+). The surface charge properties of the calcareous soil are studied by measuring the zeta potentials of the soil solids suspended in electrolyte solutions of various types, concentrations, and pH values. The relationship between the experimental and theoretical coefficients of electroosmotic permeability, ke, is examined based on the results from the electrokinetic experiments and the HelmholtzSmoluchowski model. It is concluded that the effectiveness of electroosmosis in transporting water can be predicted qualitatively or semiquantitatively from the zeta potential of the soil solids suspension. The influence of pore fluid pH on the zeta potential of the soil is also investigated. The study provides important information for the use of electrokinetics to facilitate in situ artificial cementation of calcareous soils for offshore foundation applications.Key words: calcareous soil, electrokinetics, electroosmosis, electromigration, zeta potential, soilwaterelectrolyte system.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".