Executive Function Deficits in Children with Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder and Improvement with Lisdexamfetamine Dimesylate in an Open-Label Study
Bibliographic record
Abstract
OBJECTIVE: To assess the effects of lisdexamfetamine dimesylate (LDX) on executive function (EF) behaviors in children with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). METHODS: This observational, open-label, 7-week, dose-optimization study of LDX (20-70 mg/day) in children with ADHD evaluated efficacy with the ADHD Rating Scale IV; safety measures included adverse events (AEs). EF was assessed with the Behavior Rating Inventory of Executive Function (BRIEF). Post hoc analyses examined BRIEF scores by sex, ADHD subtype, comorbid psychiatric symptoms, and common treatment-emergent AEs (TEAEs). ADHD Rating Scale IV scores were assessed in subjects categorized by baseline BRIEF global executive composite T scores with clinically significant (≥65) or not clinically significant (<65) impairment in EF. RESULTS: Mean (standard deviation) change from baseline to endpoint for BRIEF of -17.9 (12.5) for Global Executive Composite, -15.4 (12.6) for Behavioral Regulation Index, and -17.6 (12.3) for Metacognition Index demonstrated improvement with LDX (pooled doses; p < 0.0001 for all). Improvements in BRIEF scores were seen regardless of sex, ADHD subtype, comorbid psychiatric symptoms, common TEAEs, or baseline EF impairment category. TEAEs included decreased appetite, decreased weight, irritability, insomnia, headache, upper abdominal pain, and initial insomnia. CONCLUSIONS: Improvements were demonstrated in EF behaviors and ADHD symptoms with LDX. LDX safety profile was consistent with long-acting stimulant use.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.002 | 0.001 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".