Parallel processing blocked by letter similarity in letter by letter dyslexia: A replication
Bibliographic record
Abstract
An investigation of the joint effects of orthographic neighbourhood size (N size) and of letter confusability in three letter-by-letter (LBL) dyslexics is reported. All three patients showed a facilitatory effect of increased N size with low letter-confusability words, but no N size effect with high confusability words. This exactly replicates previous observations by Arguin, Fiset, and Bub (2002) in another LBL dyslexic. A facilitatory N size effect requires parallel letter processing and the word recognition performance of normal readers is unaffected by letter confusability. The present findings therefore signal that the residual capacity for parallel letter processing in LBL dyslexia is blocked by letter similarity. This implies a deficit of letter encoding or identification, which appears to be a general feature of LBL dyslexia since it is exhibited by all of the four patients so tested.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.002 | 0.015 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.002 | 0.001 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.001 | 0.002 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.002 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.003 | 0.001 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".