Astrometric Perturbations in Substructure Lensing
Why is this work in the frame?
A frame that forgets how it found something cannot be audited. These are the routes that admitted this work.
Full frame distilled prediction
Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
- Candidate categories
- none
- Consensus categories
- none
- Domain
- Candidate signal: noneConsensus signal: none
- Study design
- Candidate signal: ObservationalConsensus signal: Observational
- Genre
- Candidate signal: EmpiricalConsensus signal: Empirical
- Teacher disagreement score
- 0.017
- Threshold uncertainty score
- 0.459
- Validation status
machine_predicted_unvalidated·codex-gemma-dda1882f352a
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
- Teacher spread
- 0.210 · how far apart the two teachers sit on this one work
- Validation status
score_only:v0-immature-baseline· verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from it
Abstract
In recent years, gravitational lensing has been used as a means to detect substructure in galaxy-sized halos, using anomalous flux ratios in quadruply-imaged lenses. In addition to causing anomalous flux ratios, substructure may also perturb the positions of lensed images at observable levels. In this paper, we numerically investigate such astrometric perturbations using realistic models of substructure distributions. Substructure distributions that project clumps near the Einstein radius of the lens result in perturbations that are the least degenerate with the best-fit smooth macromodel. Degeneracies between the center of the lens potential and astrometric perturbations suggest that milliarcsecond measurements of the center of the lensing potential boost the observed astrometric perturbations by an order of magnitude. In addition, we discuss methods of substructure detection via astrometric perturbations that avoid full lens modeling in favor of local image observables and using lens modeling of systems with luminous satellites to constrain the masses of those satellites.
Fetched live from OpenAlex and de-inverted. Abstracts are not stored in this database: the inverted indexes are 8.6 GB of the frame’s 9.3 GB of text, and the host has 13 GB free.
The record
- Venue
- The Astrophysical Journal
- Topic
- Galaxies: Formation, Evolution, Phenomena
- Field
- Physics and Astronomy
- Canadian institutions
- Canadian Institute for Theoretical AstrophysicsUniversity of WaterlooUniversity of Toronto
- Funders
- not available
- Keywords
- SubstructurePhysicsGravitational lensObservableEinstein radiusLens (geology)GalaxyStrong gravitational lensingAstrophysicsRADIUSHaloOpticsComputer science
- Has abstract in OpenAlex
- yes