Descriptive analysis of central sleep apnea in childhood at a single center
Bibliographic record
Abstract
UNLABELLED: Data on central sleep apnea (CSA) and its significance in children are limited. Our objectives were to describe the polysomnogram (PSG) characteristics and clinical features of children with significant CSA at a single pediatric sleep center. STUDY DESIGN AND METHODS: A retrospective chart review of children diagnosed with CSA on a PSG, from January 2007 to December 2008, was performed. All the PSG's were performed in the pediatric sleep laboratory at The Hospital for Sick Children in Toronto, Canada. All children diagnosed with significant CSA with a PSG was eligible for inclusion. Each PSG was conducted and scored according to the American Academy of Sleep Medicine standard. Significant CSA was defined as a central apnea index (CAI) of >5 events/hr. Outcome for each patient was defined by the percentage change in the CAI at follow up. RESULTS: 52/969 (5.4%) patients had a CAI > 5/hr on a baseline PSG. Of the 25/52 (13 males) patients who met inclusion criteria, the median age was 19 months (range 3-156 months) and their median BMI z score was +0.27 (range -2.95 to 3.02). The median CAI was 11 events/hr (range 6-198/hr). The mean oxygen saturations ranged from 92.8% to 98.5%, with a median of 97%. Six (24%) patients had associated sleep-related hypoventilation and none of the patients had periodic breathing. The commonest identifiable risk factor for CSA in the study population was a neurological disorder. CONCLUSIONS: This study confirms that CSA is an important finding in a significant number of young children referred for an evaluation for suspected sleep related disordered breathing. Any child diagnosed with CSA warrants full clinical assessment, including neuro-imaging. Future research should aim to evaluate the long term outcome of significant CSA.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.002 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.002 | 0.002 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.002 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".