The layers of social capital

Click to increase image sizeClick to decrease image size Notes 1. For the Bank and social capital, see http://www1.worldbank.org/prem/poverty/scapital/index.htm; for the most trenchant discussion and critique see Fine. 2. The relevant portion of Putnam's footnote reads, On the concept of social capital, see James S. Coleman, Foundations of Social Theory (Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard university Press, 1990), pp 300–321, who credits Glenn Loury with introducing the concept. See Glenn Loury, ‘A Dynamic Theory of Racial Income Differences’ in Women, Minorities and Employment Discrimination, eds. P.A. Wallace and A. LaMond (Lexington, Mass.: Lexington Books) … Robert D. Putnam, Making Democracy Work, Princeton University Press, NJ, fn 20, p 241. For Coleman's crediting of Loury, see Coleman1990, p 300. 3. On Italy see Banfield 1957 Banfield, E. C. 1957. The Moral Basis of a Backward Society, Glencoe, Ill: Free Press. [Google Scholar]; on the United States see Banfield 1970 Banfield, E. C. 1970. The Unheavenly City, Boston: Little Brown. [Google Scholar]; also see Moynihan 1967 Moynihan, D. P. 1967. “The Negro Family: The Case for National Action”. In The Moynihan report and the politics of controversy; a Transaction social science and public policy report [by] Lee Rainwater [and] William L. Yancey. Including the full text of The Negro family: the case for national action by Daniel Patrick Moynihan, Edited by: Rainwater, L. and Yancey, W. L. Cambridge, Mass: MIT Press. (aka ‘The Moynihan Report’) [Google Scholar]. 4. Although attacked from by both the left and liberals, much of Moynihan's purpose in detailing the crippling effects of centuries of racial oppression was to defend the necessity of having corrective action through national state programmes. 5. This phrase was enshrined in the Great Society's Community Action Program (Title II of the Economic Opportunity Act of 1965). 6. For those who like to know or be reminded of just how savage the portrayal of failing welfare state provision could be, a viewing of Lindsay Anderson's Britannia Hospital is in order. 7. For a valorisation of “the local” see Scott 1998 Scott, J. 1998. Seeing Like a State, New Haven: Yale. [Google Scholar]; and the devastating critique of Scott by Cowen 2001 Cowen, M. 2001. “Quakes of Development”. In Historical Materialism 6 [Google Scholar]. 8. Blair and Clinton, indeed both Clintons, see H Clinton1996 Clinton, H. 1996. It Takes a Village, NY: Simon and Schuster. [Google Scholar]; for Marxists, see Laclau and Mouffe 1985 Laclau, E. and Mouffe, C. 1985. Hegemony and Socialist Strategy, London: Verso. [Google Scholar]; for Fabians see Chambers and Lipton 1977 Lipton, M. 1977. Why Poor People Stay Poor: A Study of Urban Bias in World Development, Cambridge, Mass: Harvard University Press. [Google Scholar]; for anti-developers see Sachs 1992 Sachs, W. 1992. The Development Dictionary, London: Zed. [Google Scholar] and Escobar 1995 Escobar, A. 1995. Encountering Development, Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press. [Google Scholar]. 9. The cultural essentialism here was so strong that it was as if Eric Wolf 1982 Wolf, E. 1982. Europe and the People Without History, University of California Press. [Google Scholar] had never put pen to paper. 10. Think of the common moralistic nostrum of giving a community the instruments to fish for themselves. 11. In Canada, at least, Development Studies Programmes, if not Development Economics, became highly feminised just as social work had done. At Bob Shenton's home institution, Queen's University, women consistently accounted for better than 80% of the intake. Development, minus the highly compensated state and quasi-state bureaucrats, was well on its way to becoming one of the ‘caring professions’ increasingly personelled by ill-paid, often volunteer, young women. 12. Social Capital is a key analytical category for much of Volume 2. 13. Africanist Scholars will recall the late Claude Meillassoux's understanding of how the cost of reproduction in villages is socialised as capital for those who do not pay for its early reproduction (i.e. through migration and domestic work), and where paying for the price of labour below its value is essential to the reproduction of capital as a whole. 14. This citation should not be understood as a wholesale endorsement of their thesis. 15. For the concepts of ‘intentionality’ and ‘immanence’ in development, see Cowen and Shenton 1996 Cowen, M. P. and Shenton, R. W. 1996. Doctrines of Development, London: Routledge. [Crossref] , [Google Scholar].

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