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Record W2049017824 · doi:10.1139/z06-032

Mineral skeletogenesis in sponges

2006· article· en· W2049017824 on OpenAlex

Why this work is in the frame

A frame that forgets how it found something cannot be audited. These are the routes that admitted this work.

venuePublished in a venue whose home country is Canada.
no affNo Canadian affiliation: this work is invisible to an affiliation-only frame.
No Canadian affiliation. An affiliation-only frame, the usual design, would never have seen this work. It is one of the works that make the case for inverting the frame.

Bibliographic record

VenueCanadian Journal of Zoology · 2006
Typearticle
Languageen
FieldBiochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology
TopicMarine Sponges and Natural Products
Canadian institutionsnot available
Fundersnot available
KeywordsSponge spiculeSpiculeCalciteBiomineralizationSpongeAragoniteBiologyCalcareousProtein filamentMineralization (soil science)Amorphous calcium carbonateVateriteMineralogyPaleontologyEcologyGeologyBiochemistry

Abstract

fetched live from OpenAlex

Sponges secrete a variety of mineral skeletons consisting of calcite, aragonite, and (or) amorphous silica that confer strength and protect them from physical perturbations. Calcification takes place in a solution of bicarbonate and calcium ions, which is supersaturated with respect to both calcite and aragonite. In contrast, siliceous spicules are formed from an environment that is undersaturated with respect to silicon. Silification is the predominant process of biomineralization in extant sponges (92% of the species). The number of axes of symmetry in the large skeletal elements (megasclere spicules) is the main skeletal difference between the classes Hexactinellida (monaxons and triaxons) and Demospongiae (monaxons and tetraxons). Hypersilification occurs in both lithistid demosponges and hexactinellids, which are mostly confined to silicon-rich environments. Both siliceous and calcareous sponge skeletons are deposited within a well-defined restricted space by the so-called matrix-mediated mineralization. Both processes require organic molecules, which are secreted by a particular cell type (sclerocytes) and guide spicule formation. In most siliceous sponges, these molecules form a discrete filament, which is mainly triangular or quadrangular in cross section in demosponges and hexactinellids, respectively. No discrete axial filament has been reported for calcareous sponges. Silica polycondensation produces nanospheres to microspheres, which are arranged in concentric layers to form the spicules. The potential number of siliceous spicule types in a sponge species appears to be fixed genetically, but the environmental conditions (specifically the availability of silicon) may determine whether a genetically determined spicule type is finally expressed. In this study I review the current knowledge on sponge skeletogenesis, from molecular, cellular, and structural points of view. The contribution of environment variables, as well as the proliferation and decay of the main skeleton types in the past, are also considered.

Fetched live from OpenAlex and de-inverted. Abstracts are not stored in this database: the inverted indexes are 8.6 GB of the frame’s 9.3 GB of text, and the host has 13 GB free.

Full frame distilled prediction

Teacher imitation

Not calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.

metaresearch head score (Codex)0.000
metaresearch head score (Gemma)0.000
Version: codex-gemma-dda1882f352aValidation status: machine_predicted_unvalidated
Candidate categoriesnone
Consensus categoriesnone
DomainCandidate signal: none · Consensus signal: none
Study designCandidate signal: Observational · Consensus signal: Observational
GenreCandidate signal: Empirical · Consensus signal: Empirical
Teacher disagreement score0.236
Threshold uncertainty score1.000

Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category

CategoryCodexGemma
Metaresearch0.0000.000
Meta-epidemiology (narrow)0.0000.000
Meta-epidemiology (broad)0.0000.000
Bibliometrics0.0000.000
Science and technology studies0.0000.000
Scholarly communication0.0000.000
Open science0.0000.000
Research integrity0.0000.000
Insufficient payload (model declined to judge)0.0000.000

Machine scores (provisional)

The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.

Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.

Opus teacher head0.005
GPT teacher head0.201
Teacher spread0.196 · how far apart the two teachers sit on this one work
Validation statusscore_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from it