Multi‐station infrasonic observations of two large bolides: signal interpretation and implications for monitoring of atmospheric explosions
Why this work is in the frame
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Bibliographic record
Abstract
Observations of two large bolides occurring over the Western Pacific on August 25, 2000 and April 23, 2001 are presented. These large bolides produced infrasonic signals at numerous stations in the Americas and Europe as well as being observed by US Department of Defence satellite sensors. The energy, location and physical characteristics of these bolides is inferred from available infrasound records and compared to satellite data. The infrasonic energy of the events from the observed signal frequencies is estimated to be 3 kT and 1 kT respectively, while the satellite energies are approximately 3 kT and 11 kT. The disagreement in energies for the April 23, 2001 (the third largest satellite observed bolide on record) event is significant and indicates acoustic/optical processes not typical of most bolides. The integrated infrasonic acoustic energy of the signals indicates that the percentage of acoustic energy deposited into the atmosphere is a minimum of ∼0.1–1% of the total source energy for each event.
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Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from it