Emulsion Polymerization of Styrene and Methyl Methacrylate Using Cationic Switchable Surfactants
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Colloidal latexes of polystyrene and poly(methyl methacrylate) have been prepared by emulsion polymerization using cationic amidine-based switchable surfactants. Particles with sizes ranging from 50 to 350 nm were obtained and the effect of factors such as initiator type, initiator amount, surfactant amount, and solid content on the particle size and ζ-potential of the resulting latexes have been examined. Destabilization of the latexes, which is commonly achieved by addition of salts or either strong acids for anionically stabilized latexes or alkalis for cationically stabilized latexes, requires only air and heat, which destabilize the latex by removing CO 2 from the system and switching the active amidinium bicarbonate surfactant to a surface inactive amidine compound. The resulting micrometer-sized particles can be easily filtered to yield a dry polymer powder and a clear aqueous phase.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".