Spectral Fraunhofer regime: time-to-frequency conversion by the action of a single time lens on an optical pulse
Bibliographic record
Abstract
We analyze a new regime in the interaction between an optical pulse and a time lens (spectral Fraunhofer regime), where the input pulse amplitude is mapped from the time domain into the frequency domain (time-to-frequency conversion). Here we derive in detail the conditions for achieving time-to-frequency conversion with a single time lens (i.e., for entering the spectral Fraunhofer regime) as well as the expressions governing this operation. Our theoretical findings are demonstrated both numerically and experimentally. A comparative study between the proposed single-time-lens configuration and the conventional dispersion + time-lens configuration for time-to-frequency conversion is also conducted. Time-to-frequency conversion with a single time lens can be used for applications similar to those previously proposed for the conventional time-to-frequency converters, e.g., high-resolution measurement of fast optical temporal waveforms. Moreover, our results also indicate that the spectral Fraunhofer regime provides additional capabilities for controlling and processing optical pulses.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.002 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".