Events after Stillbirth in Relation to Maternal Depressive Symptoms: A Brief Report
Bibliographic record
Abstract
BACKGROUND: Actions taken after a stillbirth can affect long-term psychological morbidity. Our objective was to study how infant bonding and maternal actions after stillbirth are associated with ensuing depressive symptoms. METHODS: Using the population-based Swedish Medical Birth Register, we identified all 380 Swedish-speaking women who gave birth to singleton stillborn infants in Sweden in 1991. Of these, 314 (83%) completed a postal questionnaire 3 years after the stillbirth. Items included actions taken to bond with the baby and demographics. The association between care-related factors and later maternal depressive symptoms was quantified using relative risks estimated using multivariable regression. RESULTS: We observed an almost sevenfold increased risk of depressive symptoms for mothers who reported not being with their babies as long as they wished (adjusted risk ratio [RR] 6.9, 95% CI 2.4-19.8). Compared with women who became pregnant again within 6 months, those with no later pregnancy were at higher risk of depressive symptoms (adjusted RR 2.8, 95% CI 0.9-8.4). In addition, compared with women who experienced a stillbirth in their first pregnancy, stillbirth occurring with an infant who was third in the birth order was related to a twofold risk of elevated depressive symptoms (adjusted RR 2.2, 95% CI 0.8-6.4). Furthermore, stillbirth occurring in a fourth or later pregnancy was associated with an almost sevenfold risk of depressive symptomatology (adjusted RR 6.7, 95% CI 2.2-20.5). No evidence of an association was found between other care-related actions and subsequent maternal depressive symptoms. CONCLUSIONS: Our results suggest that a mother being with the stillborn baby for as long as desired and the birth order of the stillbirth may influence her later depressive symptomatology. Compared with mothers who became pregnant again within 6 months, those who did not have a subsequent pregnancy were at higher risk of depressive symptoms at 3 years' follow-up.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.002 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".