Skeletal muscle vasodilatation during sympathoexcitation is not neurally mediated in humans
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Bibliographic record
Abstract
Evidence for the existence of sympathetic vasodilator nerves in human skeletal muscle is controversial. Manoeuvres such as contralateral ischaemic handgripping to fatigue that cause vasoconstriction in the resting forearm evoke vasodilatation after local alpha-adrenergic receptor blockade, raising the possibility that both constrictor and dilator fibres are present. The purpose of this study was to determine whether this dilatation is neurally mediated. Ten subjects (3 women, 7 men) performed ischaemic handgripping to fatigue before and after acute local anaesthetic block of the sympathetic nerves (stellate ganglion) innervating the contralateral (resting) upper extremity. Forearm blood flow was measured with venous occlusion plethysmography in the resting forearm. In control studies there was forearm vasoconstriction during contralateral handgripping to fatigue. During contralateral handgripping after stellate block, blood flow in the resting forearm increased from 6.1 +/- 0.7 to 18.7 +/- 2.2 ml dl-1 min-1 (P < 0.05). Mean arterial pressure measured concurrently increased from approximately 90 to 130 mmHg and estimated vascular conductance rose from 6.5 +/- 0.7 to 14.0 +/- 1.5 units, indicating that most of the rise in forearm blood flow was due to vasodilatation. Brachial artery administration of beta-blockers (propranolol) and the nitric oxide (NO) synthase inhibitor N G-monomethyl-L-arginine (L-NMMA) after stellate block virtually eliminated all of the vasodilatation to contralateral handgrip. Since vasodilatation was seen after stellate block, our data suggest that sympathetic dilator nerves are not responsible for limb vasodilatation seen during sympathoexcitation evoked by contralateral ischaemic handgripping to fatigue. The results obtained with propranolol and L-NMMA suggest that beta-adrenergic mechanisms and local NO release contribute to the dilatation.
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Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from it