Internationalizing Authorship: Beyond New Grub Street to the Bookman in 1891
Bibliographic record
Abstract
The year 1891 saw two important publications crucial to the redefinition of authorship. In George Gissing’s novel New Grub Street , authorship was a local matter centered on the London-based world of journalism and book publishing, which had turned the profession of writing into a cut-throat Darwinian industry. A different vision underlay William Robertson Nicoll’s founding of a sixpenny monthly, the Bookman . His intended audience was unified and comprehensive--anyone (including women) who bought, read, collected, sold, or wrote books. Perhaps most important was the magazine’s promotion of authorship as an international enterprise occurring in a variety of locations worldwide. Both Gissing and Nicoll understood that writing had become an industry inseparable from the concerns of those who distributed and consumed literature. Only Nicoll, however, recognized that this industry increasingly would be global, and he encouraged that development.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.003 | 0.006 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.003 | 0.003 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.005 | 0.012 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.011 | 0.008 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.003 |
| Research integrity | 0.002 | 0.004 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.006 | 0.001 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".