Vitamin K deficiency and D-dimer levels in the intensive care unit: a prospective cohort study
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Patients in the intensive care unit (ICU) are at risk for the development of vitamin K deficiency. We sought to determine the frequency of this deficiency by performing a prospective cohort study in which patients were screened for vitamin K deficiency on ICU admission and every other day thereafter. Vitamin K deficiency was diagnosed by a functional coagulation factor II to Echis factor II ratio < 0.70. Activity of the coagulation cascade was measured by D-dimer. In total, 40 patients were enrolled into the study. Seven of the patients had ratios < 0.70 on the day of admission to the ICU, and three patients developed ratios < 0.70. Thus, 10 of 40 patients (25%; 95% confidence interval, 12-38%) had vitamin K deficiency. Two patients developed coagulopathy, as indicated by an International Normalized Ratio of more than 1.4. D-dimer levels were elevated in 86 of 111 samples. We conclude that vitamin K deficiency is common among critically ill patients, particularly on admission to the ICU. Our findings suggest that additional clinical research is warranted to determine whether vitamin K supplementation on admission to the ICU reduces the risk of ICU-acquired vitamin K deficiency and its attendant complications over the course of the ICU stay.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.005 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".