Sound wave propagation in multiwall carbon nanotubes
Bibliographic record
Abstract
This article studies transverse sound wave propagation in individual multiwall carbon nanotubes. The present model predicts that there exist (N-1) critical frequencies (within terahertz range) for an N-wall carbon nanotube. When the frequency is below all critical frequencies, vibrational mode is almost coaxial and the associated sound speed can be predicted satisfactorily by the existing single-elastic beam model. However, when the frequency is higher than at least one of the critical frequencies, non-coaxial vibrational modes emerge which propagate at various speeds significantly higher or lower than the speed predicted by the single-elastic beam model. Hence, terahertz sound waves in multiwall carbon nanotubes exhibit complex phenomena and are essentially noncoaxial. In particular, terahertz sound waves in multiwall carbon nanotubes propagate at various speeds, depending not only on the frequency but also on the noncoaxial vibrational modes.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".