Neural network modelling of fruit colour and crop variables to predict harvest dates of greenhouse-grown sweet peppers
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Bibliographic record
Abstract
Sweet peppers (Capsicum annuum L.) grown in the greenhouse have irregular yields. Modelling colouration of individual fruit could help growers predict the number of fully coloured peppers that will be ready to harvest within a routine harvest period. We monitored the red, green and blue colour intensities of developing pepper fruit via digital image processing. These colour measurements together with crop phenology and environmental variables were used as inputs into neural network (NN) models to predict days-to-harvest (D-to-H) for ind ividual fruit. When 18 inputs were evaluated, a typical “best” NN model needed only five of the inputs to predict D-to-H (range 0 to 28 d) for red peppers with a R 2 of 0.79, a root mean square error (RMSE) of 3.4 d, and an average absolute error (AAE) of 2.5 d. D-to-H were more difficult to predict for yellow peppers, with the “best” model using eight inputs to achieve a R 2 of 0.69, a RMSE of 4.4 d, and an AAE of 3.4 d. Light and temperature made little contribution to predictions of D-to-H. NN models with o nly three inputs (Julian day, nodal position of the target fruit and ratio of red:green intensities) could still make useful predictions of harvest maturity. For both red and yellow peppers, the R 2 values of NN models were higher than the corresponding R 2 a (R 2 adjusted) values derived from multiple linear regression models. It is concluded that NN have potential to assist greenhouse operators to predict D-to-H of sweet peppers. Key words: Greenhouse production, fruit, colouration, digital imaging, neural networks
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Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from it