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Record W2061855652 · doi:10.2307/4135171

On Captives under the Principate

2004· article· en· W2061855652 on OpenAlex

Why this work is in the frame

A frame that forgets how it found something cannot be audited. These are the routes that admitted this work.

venuePublished in a venue whose home country is Canada.
no affNo Canadian affiliation: this work is invisible to an affiliation-only frame.
No Canadian affiliation. An affiliation-only frame, the usual design, would never have seen this work. It is one of the works that make the case for inverting the frame.

Bibliographic record

VenuePhoenix · 2004
Typearticle
Languageen
FieldSocial Sciences
TopicClassical Antiquity Studies
Canadian institutionsnot available
Fundersnot available
KeywordsPrincipateAncient historyHistoryPolitical scienceLawPolitics

Abstract

fetched live from OpenAlex

shows two barbarian captives sitting on aferculum, both men, their hands bound behind their backs, about to be hoisted into the air for display in a triumphal procession (Plate 1). The lower register of the Gemma Augustea shows two pairs of prisoners: to the left a long-haired and bare-chested man sits on the ground, looking defiant, his arms tied behind his back, while a woman sitting at his side rests her head on her hands seemingly exhausted as Roman soldiers raise a trophy in the background; to the right another man, again long-haired and bare-chested but also wearing a torque around his neck, kneels in pathetic submission as a soldier behind rudely drags along a female captive by the hair (Plate 2). A scene on the Column of Trajan depicts a Roman soldier bringing a captive before the emperor: the man's hands are again tied behind him and the soldier is pushing him along, one hand on the prisoner's back, the other on the back of his head (Plate 3). A memorable section of the Column of Marcus Aurelius presents two barbarian prisoners leaning forward with bowed heads and pinioned hands: under the supervision of Roman cavalrymen they are waiting for the raised swords of executioners to fall on their necks and they can see the corpses of two other already decapitated prisoners lying in front of them (Plate 4). One of the panel reliefs of Marcus Aurelius has another pair of captives being violently hauled before the emperor: a man has his long hair grasped from behind by a soldier who forces the prisoner's tormented face up to look at the emperor standing on a tribunal; the other, his face full of despair, has his arms in manacles and he is shoved along by another soldier whose burly arm stretches across his shoulders. A pedestal relief on the Forum Arch of Septimius Severus shows yet another captive in chains: but this time the man's arms are in front of him, and he has enough freedom of movement to allow him to clutch a captive infant to his chest as he walks forward with a fellow prisoner, their captors following on behind.1

Fetched live from OpenAlex and de-inverted. Abstracts are not stored in this database: the inverted indexes are 8.6 GB of the frame’s 9.3 GB of text, and the host has 13 GB free.

Full frame distilled prediction

Teacher imitation

Not calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.

metaresearch head score (Codex)0.000
metaresearch head score (Gemma)0.000
Version: codex-gemma-dda1882f352aValidation status: machine_predicted_unvalidated
Candidate categoriesnone
Consensus categoriesnone
DomainCandidate signal: none · Consensus signal: none
Study designCandidate signal: Theoretical or conceptual · Consensus signal: none
GenreCandidate signal: Empirical · Consensus signal: Empirical
Teacher disagreement score0.583
Threshold uncertainty score0.473

Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category

CategoryCodexGemma
Metaresearch0.0000.000
Meta-epidemiology (narrow)0.0000.000
Meta-epidemiology (broad)0.0000.000
Bibliometrics0.0000.000
Science and technology studies0.0010.000
Scholarly communication0.0000.000
Open science0.0000.000
Research integrity0.0000.000
Insufficient payload (model declined to judge)0.0000.000

Machine scores (provisional)

The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.

Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.

Opus teacher head0.050
GPT teacher head0.337
Teacher spread0.286 · how far apart the two teachers sit on this one work
Validation statusscore_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from it