Characteristics of Turbulent Three-Dimensional Offset Jets
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Three-dimensional turbulent offset jets were investigated using a particle image velocimetry technique. Three jet exit Reynolds numbers, Rej = 5000, 10,000, and 20,000, and four offset heights, h/d = 0.5, 1.0, 2.0, and 4.0, were studied. The mean flow and turbulence statistics were studied over larger downstream distances than in previous studies. The decay and spread rates were found to be nearly independent of Reynolds number and offset height at certain exit diameters (x = 73d) downstream and h/d ≤ 2. The decay rates of 1.18 ± 0.03 and spread rates of 0.055 ± 0.001 and 0.250 ± 0.005 in the wall-normal and lateral directions were obtained, respectively. The reattachment lengths are also independent of Rej but increase with offset height. The locations of the maximum mean velocities increased linearly with streamwise distance in the self-similar region. It was observed that profiles of the mean velocities, turbulence intensities, and Reynolds shears stresses are nearly independent of Rej and h/d far downstream. The triple products in the symmetry plane indicated turbulence transport from the outer region of the jet towards the wall region.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".