Re-imaging the Moral Order of Urban Space: Religion and Photography in Winnipeg, 1900-1914
Bibliographic record
Abstract
The arrival of the Reverend J.S. Woodsworth as the Superintendent of Winnipeg's All Peoples' Mission in 1907 coincided with a strategic shift in the visual representation of urban space in many Canadian Methodist publications. Traditional photographs of churches and ministers were soon accompanied by images of crowded tenements, impoverished conditions, and unsupervised children on the street. This paper examines the introduction of a social documentary style of photography and analyses how these images functioned within the context of the emerging social gospel and widespread middle-class anxieties over the “problem” of the city. This visual technology appealed to the new social reform emphasis on “surveying” conditions, but photography's inherent claim to represent an objective reality was overlaid with gendered moral boundaries, particularly in the space that surrounded the bodies of children. The re-imaging of urban space was part of a broader narrative that positioned the religious response to the city as both a moral and an environmental problem.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.002 | 0.003 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.003 | 0.003 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.012 | 0.010 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.004 | 0.001 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.003 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.003 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".