Inactivation of the Avian Influenza Virus (H5N2) in Typical Domestic Wastewater and Drinking Water Treatment Systems
Bibliographic record
Abstract
A highly pathogenic form of avian influenza of the H5N1 subtype emerged in Hong Kong in 1997, rapidly infecting wild and domesticated birds and spread among these populations to several countries in Asia, Africa, and Europe. This virus also proved capable of infecting humans. It was hypothesized that should human-to-human transmission of such a virus become efficient, domestic wastewater and drinking water treatment systems could become contaminated with the virus, potentially exacerbating the spread of this disease. The objectives of this work were to determine if a surrogate virus, H5N2 avian influenza virus (a virus with no history of infecting humans, hereafter referred to as "H5N2") is inactivated by UV radiation, chlorination, and anaerobic digestion. Infectious H5N2 was not detected in phosphate buffer and wastewater effluent at fluences greater than 10 mJ/cm2 and at Ct values, based on free residual chlorine, greater than . In bench-scale anaerobic digesters, H5N2 dropped from an initial concentration of 103.6 EID/mL to undetectable levels after 72 h.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".