The relationship between near‐surface turbulence and gas transfer velocity in freshwater systems and its implications for floating chamber measurements of gas exchange
Bibliographic record
Abstract
We performed a series of gas exchange measurements in 12 diverse aquatic systems to develop the direct relationship between near‐surface turbulence and gas transfer velocity. The relationship was log‐linear, explained 78% of the variation in instantaneous gas transfer velocities, and was valid over a range of turbulent energy dissipation rates spanning about two orders of magnitude. Unlike wind‐based relationships, our model is applicable to systems ranging in size from less than 1 km2 to over 600 km2. Gas fluxes measured with our specific model of floating chambers can be grossly overestimated (by up to 1000%), particularly in low‐turbulence conditions. In high‐turbulence regimes, flux overestimation decreases to within 50%. Direct measurements of turbulent energy dissipation rate provide reliable estimation of the associated gas transfer velocity even at short temporal and spatial scales.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.002 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".