Remote point-of-gaze estimation requiring a single-point calibration for applications with infants
Bibliographic record
Abstract
This paper describes a method for remote, non-contact point-of-gaze estimation that tolerates free head movements and requires a simple calibration procedure in which the subject has to fixate only on a single point. This method uses the centers of the pupil and at least two corneal reflections that are estimated from eye images captured by at least two cameras. Experimental results obtained with three adult subjects exhibited RMS point-of-gaze estimation errors ranging from 7 to 12 mm (equivalent to about 0.6 -- 1° of visual angle) for head movements in a volume of about 1 dm3. Preliminary results with two infants demonstrated the ability of a system that requires a single-point calibration procedure to estimate infants' point-of-gaze. The ability to record infants' visual scanning behavior can be used for the study of visual development, the determination of attention allocation and the assessment of visual function in preverbal infants.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.005 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.003 | 0.001 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".