Experimental influence of population density and vegetation biomass on the movements and activity budget of a large herbivore
Why this work is in the frame
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Bibliographic record
Abstract
Population density could influence herbivore foraging decisions as it affects the availability of preferred plant species and intraspecific competition. We tested the effect of density on white-tailed deer (Odocoileus virginianus) movements and activity budgets at controlled densities of 7.5 and 15 deer/km2. We also measured the activity budget of deer and plant biomass in an unfenced area at >20 deer/km2. Deer in the unfenced area spent less time active than those at controlled densities, possibly because of the greater time required to process a low quality diet. Biomass of preferred plant species significantly increased through years but did not differ between controlled densities. Adults were less active than yearlings at 7.5 but not at 15 deer/km2 but, otherwise, movements and activity budgets were similar between densities. Deer at controlled densities responded to the increase of plant biomass by increasing the number of activity bouts and shortening their duration. When vegetation was less abundant, adults at 7.5 deer/km2 spent more time active. Augmentation of population density and, thus, of intraspecific competition, can have direct effects on deer foraging behavior. Increases in plant biomass, however, revealed that plant biomass appears to have a stronger influence on deer foraging behavior than population density.
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Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from it