Metformin Increases Insulin Sensitivity and Plasma β-endorphin in Human Subjects
Why this work is in the frame
A frame that forgets how it found something cannot be audited. These are the routes that admitted this work.
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Metformin has been widely used in clinical type 2 diabetes treatment and prevention. The present study was designed to explore the effect on people with a sedentary lifestyle at therapeutic doses. Twenty-two physically-inactive volunteers with normal glucose tolerance were studied. Escalating doses of metformin in low-dose (250 mg), intermediate-dose (500 mg), and high-dose (750 mg) treatment three times per day were administrated into each subject for a three-week treatment period. Fasting plasma glucose, A1C, HOMA-IR for insulin resistance, lipid profile, and plasma beta-endorphin-like immunoreactivity (BER) were measured before treatment and weekly at the end of each dosing period. Metformin significantly reduced fasting plasma glucose and HOMA-IR in healthy humans after receiving this treatment at therapeutic doses including low-dose (5 %, 17 %), intermediate-dose (6 %, 25 %) and high-dose treatment (6 %, 21 %). Plasma BER was also increased from 135.46 +/- 61.73 pg/ml to 137.52 +/- 66.11 pg/ml by low-dosing (p = 0.39), to 139.17 +/- 64.08 pg/ml by intermediate-dosing (p = 0.32), and to 149.59 +/- 63.32 pg/ml by high-dosing (p < 0.05). Also, serum cholesterol decreased significantly using metformin at therapeutic doses including low-dose (4 %), intermediate-dose (8 %) and high-dose treatment (7 %). However, metformin failed to modify levels of serum HDL-cholesterol and C-reactive protein (CRP) in healthy subjects. Also, the reduction of serum cholesterol by metformin did not correlate to the increase in insulin sensitivity. In conclusion, metformin causes a significant parallel increase in insulin sensitivity and plasma beta-endorphin level in human subjects.
Fetched live from OpenAlex and de-inverted. Abstracts are not stored in this database: the inverted indexes are 8.6 GB of the frame’s 9.3 GB of text, and the host has 13 GB free.
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.002 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from it