Acute toxicity of essential oils and other natural compounds to the parasitic mite, <i>Varroa destructor</i> , and to larval and adult worker honey bees ( <i>Apis mellifera</i> L.)
Bibliographic record
Abstract
SummaryEssential oils and other natural compounds were evaluated for their toxicity to the parasitic mite Varroa destructor and to larval and adult worker honey bees (Apis mellifera L.). A glass-vial residual bioassay was used to fast-screen the relative toxicity of 22 natural products to V. destructor. Results showed that menthol, clove oil, origanum oil, and thymol were the most toxic products, causing 87, 96, 100, and 100% mite mortality, respectively, at a dose of 0.75 mg/vial. The acute toxicity of these four products to the mites was further evaluated by estimating LC50 values. Thymol and origanum oil had the lowest LC50 (56.1 μg/vial in both cases). In a subsequent experiment, topical applications of eight dilutions of the above four selected products were carried out on adult worker bees and larvae, using a newly-developed larval assay, to estimate their LC50s. Thymol had the lowest LC50 for adult bees (210.3 μg/bee) and menthol had the highest (523.5 μg/bee). Furthermore, thymol was the most toxic product to larvae, with a LC50 of 150.7 μg/larva, while menthol was the least toxic with a LC50 of 382.8 pg/larva. Tau-fluvalinate used as a control was significantly less toxic to mites and equally or more toxic to workers and larvae than the above four natural compounds. Results of this study suggest that besides thymol, which is already a registered varroacide, origanum oil, clove oil, and menthol, are potential candidate products to be further tested for the control of V. destructor.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".