Delayed electroluminescence in small-molecule-based organic light-emitting diodes: Evidence for triplet-triplet annihilation and recombination-center-mediated light-generation mechanism
Bibliographic record
Abstract
We measured delayed electroluminescence in small-molecule-based organic light-emitting diodes based on N,N′-di(naphthalene-1-yl)-N,N′-diphenyl-benzidine hole-transport molecule and tris(8-hydroxyquinoline) aluminum electron-transport and emitter molecule after the excitation currents are switched off and reverse bias applied to the sample. The experiments indicate that delayed light emission is a result of two distinct processes: emissive excited singlet-state generation by either triplet-triplet annihilation or recombination of trapped positive and negative charges in the device. Under reverse device bias these two mechanisms have distinctly different signatures. We also found that upon device aging, delayed light emission decreases faster (by about a factor of 4–5) than prompt electroluminescence, which is attributed to an increase of the triplet decay rate due to the presence of aging induced spin-12 trapped charges in the device.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".