Delayed electroluminescence in small-molecule-based organic light-emitting diodes: Evidence for triplet-triplet annihilation and recombination-center-mediated light-generation mechanism
Why this work is in the frame
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Bibliographic record
Abstract
We measured delayed electroluminescence in small-molecule-based organic light-emitting diodes based on N,N′-di(naphthalene-1-yl)-N,N′-diphenyl-benzidine hole-transport molecule and tris(8-hydroxyquinoline) aluminum electron-transport and emitter molecule after the excitation currents are switched off and reverse bias applied to the sample. The experiments indicate that delayed light emission is a result of two distinct processes: emissive excited singlet-state generation by either triplet-triplet annihilation or recombination of trapped positive and negative charges in the device. Under reverse device bias these two mechanisms have distinctly different signatures. We also found that upon device aging, delayed light emission decreases faster (by about a factor of 4–5) than prompt electroluminescence, which is attributed to an increase of the triplet decay rate due to the presence of aging induced spin-12 trapped charges in the device.
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Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from it