Impact of Transformer Inrush Currents on Sensitive Protection Functions
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Bibliographic record
Abstract
Transformer inrush currents are known to cause problems for sensitive protection functions applied to a power transformer itself, or in a near vicinity of a transformer. Magnetizing inrush currents contain significant and slowly decaying dc components. This makes Ct saturation plausible and causes more problems for associated protection. Sensitive protection functions that respond to currents are affected most. This paper reviews impact of transformer inrush currents on five protection function: (i) main differential function of the transformer, (ii) restricted earth fault protection, (iii) stator differential protection for generators, (iv) sensitive ground directional overcurrent functions used for line and feeder protection, and (v) distance protection. For each of the covered protection functions the problem is reviewed and quantified, and practical solutions presented
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Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from it