TECHNICAL DEVELOPMENTS IN MAMMOGRAPHY
Bibliographic record
Abstract
The art, science, and technology of mammography have developed steadily over the past 35 y. Mammography is a central tool for diagnosis of symptoms of breast cancer. In addition, periodic screening of asymptomatic women in certain age groups has been clearly demonstrated to contribute to reduction of mortality from breast cancer. Technical improvements have allowed the examination to be carried out at substantially lower radiation dose than was necessary to obtain a good image in the 1970's, while at the same time providing greatly improved contrast, spatial resolution, dynamic range and tissue coverage. Digital mammography overcomes many of the technical limitations inherent in screen-film mammography and has been shown to offer increased accuracy for women under 50 and those with dense breasts. The radiation risk associated with mammography cannot be ignored, however, modern analysis suggests that it is very low, especially compared to the benefits from the exam. Nevertheless, imaging should be conducted with careful attention to efficient use of the radiation. New techniques, currently under development and evaluation, promise to add further to the value of mammography.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.010 | 0.018 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.005 | 0.005 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.001 | 0.002 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.005 | 0.004 |
| Open science | 0.003 | 0.002 |
| Research integrity | 0.003 | 0.005 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.011 | 0.008 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".