Alteration of asphaltic crude rheology with electromagnetic and ultrasonic irradiation
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Electromagnetic heating and ultrasonic irradiation have the unique advantage of minimizing heat loss in the pipe or even in the unnecessary sections of the wellbore. In Canada, these processes have received significant attention in the context of heavy oil recovery. In Alaska, where heat loss to the surrounding makes the steam flooding process ineffective, electromagnetic heating is being reviewed as an option to recover heavy oil and gas from hydrates. Electromagnetic heating or ultrasonic irradiation can be effective in carbonate reservoirs as well. However, recently, concerns have been raised regarding irreversible alterations of crude oil properties due to these otherwise non-intrusive processes. This paper investigates the extent of thermal alterations of crude oil properties due to electromagnetic or ultrasonic irradiation. Experiments also involved the determination of thermal conductivity of carbonate rock, United Arab Emirates (UAE) crude and water for various mixtures. This followed the study of the effect of electromagnetic power for a given frequency on the thermal alteration of UAE crude in the presence of carbonate rock. The role of residual water saturation was also studied. Experiments showed that the efficiency of electromagnetic heating is very high and can be used to heat near the wellbore with minimal energy input. However, the presence of asphaltenes led to some irreversible alteration in crude oil rheology. The physics behind this alteration is investigated in this paper. Such alteration was not evident in the presence of ultrasonic treatment, even though the viscosity reduction during ultrasonic treatment was significant.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".