Athens versus Jerusalem: a source of left-right conflict in the history of ideas
Bibliographic record
Abstract
The ancient conflict commonly called ‘Athens versus Jerusalem’ was not just about reason versus faith but more importantly was about the idea in ‘Athens’ of a pre-ordered universe versus the idea in ‘Jerusalem’ of the creative spontaneity of God's self-sufficient will. This ancient intercultural contest became modernized and secularized as the idea of spontaneous creativity increasingly came to be seen as a human power. Meanwhile, the idea of universal order was renewed in the scientific revolution. Today, a legacy of the conflict between ‘Athens’ and ‘Jerusalem’ in its modern form is manifested in the ideological conflict over the ultimate source of lawfulness and goodness. Thus one of the ideological cleavages in the politics of contemporary democracies is on the question, are the rules that govern human life to be discovered or are they to be created by human beings? The left–right metaphor in politics has no inherent meaning but some of its conventional connotations are related to this conflict of worldviews.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.005 | 0.006 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.002 | 0.002 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.014 | 0.030 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.010 | 0.006 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.004 |
| Research integrity | 0.003 | 0.006 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.003 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".