Figures of the native in 20th‐century Quebec: The subaltern and the colonial subject at the intersection of colony and nation
Bibliographic record
Abstract
This article examines the representation of the Native in the Quebec essay on identity after the Quiet Revolution (1960–80). It analyzes the figure of the Native as a construction shaped by the forces of colonialism and nationalism; it further distinguishes between the two different types of colonialism historically present in Quebec and considers how they have influenced Quebec attitudes towards the Native. Three distinct figures emerge from this analysis. The first, the Native as absence, is explained in the light of Gayatri Spivak’s theory of the subaltern; the second, the Native as a threat to Quebec sovereignty, in the light of her theory of the colonial subject; the third, the Native as Quebec’s co‐colonized is a hybrid figure that does not correspond to either of these theoretical formulations. The author concludes that the use of Spivak’s notions of the subaltern and the colonial subject allows for a clear understanding of how Quebec’s dual colonial past as both settler colony of France and subsequently conquered colony of Great Britain have informed representations of the native, and furthermore that the figure of the co‐colonized is a unique discursive formation that can be linked to Quebec’s self‐identification as a decolonizing society.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.002 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.002 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.021 | 0.019 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.007 | 0.002 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.002 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.002 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.007 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".