German Adolescents’ Time Use from 1991 to 2001: Is Gender Symmetry in Sight?
Bibliographic record
Abstract
In 1991/1992, Germany carried for the first time a national time use survey. More than ten thousand respondents aged 12 years and older described their daily activities by filling in a self-administered diary on two days. The second national time use survey was conducted in 2001/2002. It collected time diary data from more than twelve thousand respondents using a comparable survey design to the 1991/1992 survey. The 2001/2002 survey followed Eurostat guidelines for European harmonised time use surveys and provided an opportunity to observe possible time use changes during the period separating the two surveys as well as make international comparisons with the time use of adult and adolescent populations in other countries. This article focuses on changing patterns of adolescent time in Germany and examines the question whether “typical” gender specific time use patterns with regard to school, paid work, domestic work, leisure and mass media can be already observed in the younger generation.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.002 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.002 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".